Why is the direction of the grain important? The grain direction of the paper is important when binding books, because paper is scored and folded. … Folding parallel to the grain is easier and the paper is less likely to “crack,” create a rough fold and result in a bulky binding edge. It also helps book’s pages to turn easier, stay open and lay flatter.

Considering this, What is grain flow in crankshaft?

Grain flow is the orientation of grains and inclusions/particles within the metal caused by plastic deformation.

Subsequently What is with or against the grain? Going “against the grain” (or across it) usually implies hardship. It suggests that you’ve made a move for a reason that compels you put forth some extra effort. … Usually, we cut a piece of meat against the grain after it’s finished cooking and resting, just before serving.

What is grain direction in paper?

Paper grain is the direction of fibers in a sheet or web of paper, generated during paper formation. As paper moves forward along the forming wire on a papermaking machine, the fibers align themselves in a direction parallel to the direction of wire travel through the machine.

How do I know if my paper is long grain or short grain?

A short grain is when the grain runs across the short end of the sheet. A long grain is when the grain runs across the long end of the sheet. For example, on a 720mm x 1020mm (B1) sheet of paper, if the sheet is cut “grain short”, the fibres will run across the 720mm side and vice versa.

How do you measure grain flow?

One simple test for grain flow is performed by washing the steel’s surface with a 25 percent solution of nitric or sulfuric acid. Flood the face of the steel with acid, and as soon as the surface begins to etch, wash the acid off with pure water. The acid will etch the surface, revealing the grain flow pattern.

What is grain size in forging?

Based on my experience with 316, the usual grain size specified for forged products is in the range of 6 to 4 max ASTM. Grains of 3 to 2, or larger, are considered undesirable. I do not think that a grain of 5 or finer is a difficult target if the forging temperatures and annealing cycles are controlled properly.

What is forging metal?

At its most basic level, forging is the process of forming and shaping metals through the use of hammering, pressing or rolling.

Is it bad to shave your face against the grain?

Shaving against the grain tends to pull the hair follicle up and away from the skin, which runs an increased chance of razor burn or skin irritation being left behind. We recommend shaving against the grain only in the areas of your face where there is stubble left over from your few passes with the grain.

What does across the grain mean?

Almost every recipe asks you to “cut steak across the grain” when preparing or serving. … Cutting against the grain means to cut through the fibers and make them shorter. This makes the meat more tender and easier to chew.

Why should you cut against the grain?

If you do cut with the grain of the steak, you will often find the meat more gamey and tougher to chew. The reason? It is because the long muscle fibers remain intact and haven’t been cut. Cutting against the grain breaks up the muscle fibers making the steak much more tender.

What is graining in printing?

Graining can also mean the production of any artificial texture on any surface. For example, in printing, making the smooth metal sheets used in modern printing processes coarse. A stoneworking equivalent of graining is marbling.

How is folding endurance related to grain direction?

It is also important to take into consideration the grain direction to which the product is being folded; the endurance of the fold becomes greater against the grain because it performs a stiffer hold, which will less likely cause it stress if it were along the grain.

What is GSM paper?

The term “GSM” stands for “grams per square meter.” For this standard, the weight of various types of paper is measured from a sample sheet cut to one square meter in size. … For example, paper with a weight of 55 gsm will be much, much lighter and thinner than paper weighing 400 gsm.

How do you know the direction of wood grain?

Hold the board with stripes on the edge traveling left to right from the edge center towards the face of the board. The stripes form into a point as they meet the face. The stripe points show the direction of the wood grain, from left to right.

What is machine direction?

: the direction in which the stock flows onto the paper machine wire : the circumferential direction of a roll of paper also : the corresponding dimension of a sheet cut from it. — called also grain, grain direction.

What is Grainflow?

Grain flow is one of the major benefits cited for the use of forgings. … Grain flow is a directional orientation of metal grains and any inclusions that have been deformed by forging. Individual grains are elongated in the direction of the metal flow or plastic deformation.

Which forming processes produce grain flow in materials?

Extrusion, radial forging, open-die forging (cogging) or rolling can produce a longitudinal grain flow. When sliced, this results in a grain flow that would be difficult to produce in a closed-die forging process.

How does forging affect grain flow?

As the forging is finished, the ductility in the radial direction will become higher than that in the axial direction near the flash (Figure 2). This change in the ductility is due to the change in grain flow that has been imparted into the metal during the forging.

What is grain flow in forging process?

Grain flow is a directional orientation of metal grains and any inclusions that have been deformed by forging. Individual grains are elongated in the direction of the metal flow or plastic deformation.

Why grain flow is important in forging?

In most cases, forging stock has been pre-worked to remove porosity resulting from the solidification process. This produces directional alignment (or “grain flow”) for important directional properties in strength, ductility, and resistance to impact and fatigue.

What does forging do to grains?

In most cases, forging yields a grain structure oriented to the parts’ external contours, resulting in optimum strength, ductility and resistance to impact and fatigue. Forgings make better, more economic use of materials.

What is foundry and forging?

Forging is a manufacturing process involving the shaping of metal using localized compressive forces. … A foundry is a factory that produces metal castings. Metals are cast into shapes by melting them into a liquid, pouring the metal into a mold, and removing the mold material after the metal has solidified as it cools.

Why forging is used?

In most cases, forging yields a grain structure oriented to the parts’ external contours, resulting in optimum strength, ductility and resistance to impact and fatigue. Forgings make better, more economic use of materials. … Forgings yield lower scrap and increase efficiency of production.

What is cold forging?

Cold forging is one of the most widely used chipless forming processes, often requiring no machining other than drilling. The commonly accepted definition is the forming or forging of a bulk material at room temperature with no heating of the initial slug or inter-stages.


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